Beryllium Environmental analysis and monitoring /
| Other Authors: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Cambridge,
Royal Society of Chemistry,
2009.
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781847559678 |
Table of Contents:
- Introduction: Purpose or Background
- Methods
- Summary. Chapter 1: Overview of Beryllium Sampling and Analysis. Introduction
- Background
- Beryllium Sources
- Industrial Uses
- Health Risks
- Natural Versus Anthropogenic
- Carcinogenicity
- Acute Beryllium Disease
- Chronic Beryllium Disease
- Occupational Exposure Limits
- History
- Current Limits
- Trends
- Impact of U.S. Department of Energy Beryllium Rule
- Environmental Remediation
- Sampling Overview
- Air Sampling
- Surface Sampling
- Dermal Sampling
- Soil Sampling
- Analysis Overview: Summary of Current Techniques
- Need for Improved Performance
- Need for Real-Time Monitoring
- Goals of This Book (Summary). Chapter 2: Air Sampling. Introduction
- Purpose of Air Sampling and Choice of Strategy
- Sampling for Compliance with a Limit Value
- Sampling to Determine the Effectiveness of Control Measures
- Sampling to Identify a Group Range of Exposures
- Identification of a Homogenous Exposure Group (HEG)
- Determining the Range of Exposures of a HEG
- Sampling for Prospective Health Studies
- Methods of Air Sampling
- Properties and Behaviors of Aerosols
- Sources of Beryllium Aerosols
- Sampling for Non-volatile Aerosols Using Filters
- Size-selective Sampling
- Inhalable Sampling
- Respirable Sampling
- High-volume Sampling
- Sampling for Volatile Aerosols
- Sampling for Ultrafine Aerosols
- Metrics for Ultrafine Particles
- Analytical Considerations for Selecting a Sampling Method
- Retrospective Exposure Assessments
- Determining a Job-exposure Matrix (JEM)
- Cumulative vs Peak Exposures in Assessing Exposure Histories
- Summary. Chapter 3: Successful Surface Sampling for Beryllium. Introduction
- Background
- Wipe Sampling - Dry, Wet, Alcohol
- Bulk Sampling - Sweep, Vacuum, HEPA Sock
- Methods
- Sampling Safety
- Planning Meetings - Before and During Sampling Campaigns
- Communication
- Personal Factors
- Personal Protection Equipment (PPE)
- Protecting the Sampler
- Protecting the Sample
- Sample Planning - Avoiding Surprises and Delays
- Getting Organized - The Plan - Large or Small
- Sampling Campaign Type, Scope and Strategy
- Detailed Sampling Plan and Agreement to Follow
- Sampling Safety Plan Included
- Include Site History in Plan
- Possible Interferences Identified
- Time Line & Locations of Beryllium Work
- Time Line & Locations of Interferences Work
- Beryllium in Naturally Occurring Materials
- Recordkeeping
- Chain-Of-Custody
- Oversight - Method - Assignments - Reports - Forms
- Locations of Sample Points and Number of Samples - How Determined
- Random Selection Sample Points
- Biased Sample Points
- Sampling Techniques and Requirements Detailed
- Photography Requirements and Permits
- Analysis of Samples - Pre-Qualifying and Selection of the Laboratory
- Quality Control Measures
- Data Reduction Format
- Final Report Parameters
- Cost Considerations - What is Desired vs. What is Needed
- Sampling Supplies
- Consumables
- Hand Tools
- Power Equipment, Cords and Work Carts
- Sampling Team Needs - Lunches and Other Logistics
- Trash and Waste Collection and Disposal
- Surface Sampling - When To Do What and Why
- Regulatory Requirements for Sampling
- Sampling Methods
- Surface Clean, Dusty or Dirty
- Wipe vs. Bulk
- Dry Wipe vs. Wet Wipe vs. Alcohol Wipe
- Bulk Sampling
- Determining Surface Area
- Recordkeeping and Photography
- Protection of Sample Process and Samples from Contamination
- Obtaining the Sample
- Sampling for Release of Items from Radiologically Contaminated Areas
- Summary. Chapter 4: Sample Dissolution Reagents for Beryllium. Introduction: Background
- Methods of Sample Preparation in Geological Media
- Beryllium Ores
- Soils and Silicates
- Methods of Sample Preparation for Occupational Hygiene Samples
- Workplace Air Samples
- Surface Samples
- Bulk Samples
- Summary. Chapter 5: Heating Sources for Beryllium Sample Preparation. Introduction
- Purpose of Heating
- Kinetics of Dissolution
- Issues with Particulates
- Issues with Speciation
- Methods
- Mechanical Agitation
- Limitations/Requirements
- Advantages
- Examples (Soils)
- Thermal Heating
- Limitations/Requirements
- Advantages
- Examples (Ashing, Hot Acid, Hot Ammoniumbifluoride)
- Sonication
- Limitations/Requirements
- Advantages
- Examples
- Microwave
- Limitations/Requirements
- Advantages
- Examples (Combine with Acid for ICP)
- Selected Comparisons
- Filters
- Comparison of Heating Methods on Recovery for Ammonium Bifluoride Dissolution
- Soils
- Summary. Chapter 6: Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry And Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. Introduction
- Background
- Concept of ICP analysis and AES and MS detection
- Methods - Preparation of Samples
- Methods Available
- Analytical Considerations for Selecting a Sample Preparation Method
- Challenges with Beryllium Samples for Analysis by ICP-AES or ICP-MS
- Quality Control/Quality Assurance
- Methods - Analysis by ICP-AES
- Instrumentation (tentative)
- Selection of Line (Intensity, Detection Limit)
- Interferences (Background, Spectral, Suppression)
- Need to Know Other Constituents
- How to Correct (Different Wavelength, Correction Factor)
- Sensitivity
- Matrix Effects
- Analytical Methods
- Considerations when Working with Beryllium
- Methods - Analysis by ICP/MS
- Instrumentation
- The Mass Spectrum
- Interferences
- Sensitivity
- Matrix Effects
- Analytical Methods
- Considerations when Working with Beryllium
- Tables/Charts: Summary of Prep Methods
- Spectrum with Example of Potential Interferences. Summary. Chapter 7: Analysis by Non-Plasma Sources. Introduction
- Background
- Methods
- Atomic Absorption
- Methodology
- Detection Limits
- Interferences and Limitations
- Applications
- UV-Visible
- Methodology
- Detection Limits
- Interferences and Limitations
- Applications
- Fluorescence
- Methodology
- Detection Limits
- Interferences and Limitations
- Applications
- Electrochemistry
- Methodology
- Detection Limits
- Interferences and Limitations
- Applications
- Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS)
- Methodology
- Detection Limits
- Interferences and Limitations
- Applications
- Summary. Chapter 8: Data Reporting & Communications. Introduction
- Background
- Terminology
- Data Censoring
- Challenges in Evaluating Censored Data
- Other Fundamental Concepts
- Methods
- Evaluation Based on Individual Data Points
- Laboratory Reporting Limits
- Basis, Pros and Cons
- Evaluation Based on Data Sets
- Data/Measurement Quality Objectives
- Basis, Pros and Cons
- Uncensored Data
- What It Is
- When It May Be Useful
- When Not to Use It
- Considerations for Laboratories and Clients
- Project Planning
- Laboratory Integration in Project Design Decisions
- Quality Control
- Quality Assurance
- Beryllium Data Reporting
- Preparation (Before Analysis)
- Instrumentation
- Qualities of Reported Data
- Quantitation as a Substitute for Uncertainty Reporting
- Communicating Results
- Laboratory to Client
- Data Evaluation
- Communication to Managers and Stakeholders
- Summary. Chapter 9: Applications, Future Trends, and Opportunities. Applications of Current Technologies
- Uses of Analytical Measurements
- Diagnostic Sampling
- Exposure Assessment
- Exposure Surveillance
- Data Evaluation
- Data Quality Objectives
- Data Sets Versus Data Points
- Precision/Bias Versus Uncertainty Budgets
- Future Trends and Opportunities
- Drivers for Change
- Occupational Exposure Limits
- Real-Time Monitoring
- Size-Selective Sampling
- Technology Improvements
- Sampling
- Analysis
- Data Evaluation
- Exposure
- Assessment Strategies
- Summary.